Everything about Daniel Brodhead totally explained
Daniel Brodhead (IV) (
October 17,
1736 –
November 15,
1809) was an
American military and political leader during the
American Revolutionary War and early days of the
United States.
Early life
Brodhead was born in
Marbletown, New York, the son of Daniel Brodhead (III) and Hester (Wyngart) Brodhead. Brodhead’s father moved his family to what is now
East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1737. Life in the
frontier settlement was difficult, and clashes between the settlers and native tribes were common. The Brodhead homestead was attacked by natives numerous times during Daniel’s youth.
Brodhead had a relatively unremarkable career before the Revolution. He farmed, ran a grist mill, and worked as a
deputy surveyor for
Pennsylvania. Brodhead married Elizabeth Dupui (Dupuy) in April 1756 and had two children.
In the years leading up to the outbreak of hostilities, Brodhead began to take part in the protest movements against British taxation. In 1774, Brodhead was elected to represent
Bucks County at a provincial meeting held in
Philadelphia on
July 15,
1774.
American Revolution
In 1776, Brodhead was
commissioned as an officer of the
8th Pennsylvania Regiment of colonial troops with the rank of
lieutenant colonel. His first action came at the
Battle of Long Island, where he was recognized by
George Washington for his bravery and initiative. At the battle, Brodhead’s only son, also named Daniel, was wounded and captured. He was soon exchanged, but died of his wounds shortly after being released.
Brodhead took over command of the 8th Pennsylvania after the death of its commander,
Aeneas Mackay, and was promoted to
colonel. Brodhead led his troops during the defense of Philadelphia in 1777 and wintered with the
Continental Army at
Valley Forge from 1777-78.
In April 1778, Brodhead led a successful expedition against the native tribes around the
Muskingum River in the
Ohio Country. In June 1778, Washington sent Brodhead and the 8th Pennsylvania to rebuild and re-garrison the frontier outpost of
Fort Muncy, in what is now
Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. Brodhead defended local settlers from British-allied tribes.
Brodhead commanded the 8th Pennsylvania in Brig. Gen.
Lachlan McIntosh’s failed attempt to capture the British stronghold of
Fort Detroit. On
March 5,
1779, Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander of the Western Department. His command included frontier forts such as
Fort Pitt (present
Pittsburgh),
Fort McIntosh (
Beaver, Pennsylvania),
Fort Laurens (near Bolivar, Ohio),
Fort Tuscarora (near Lisbon, Ohio),
Fort Wheeling (
Wheeling, West Virginia),
Fort Armstrong (near
Kittanning, Pennsylvania), and
Fort Holliday’s Cove, along with dozens of lesser outposts.
The
Wyandot,
Mingo,
Shawnee,
Seneca, and other native tribes allied to the British were raiding the frontier. In addition, Brodhead faced a tenuous alliance of tribes like the
Oneida, British troops at Fort Detroit and other outposts, a large population of Tory sympathizing settlers, and a delicate truce with the powerful
Lenape-Delaware tribe.
From his headquarters at Fort Pitt, Brodhead directed numerous raids against hostile native tribes, often leading the expeditions personally. His most famous raid came against the
Seneca tribe between
August 11 and
September 14,
1779. Brodhead left Fort Pitt with a contingent of 605 soldiers and militia into the trackless wilderness of northwestern Pennsylvania. He followed the Allegheny River into New York driving the Seneca out. Most of the warriors were away fighting the
Sullivan Expedition in New York, and Brodhead met little resistance in destroying the heart of the Seneca nation.
In 1781, the Lenape-Delawares ended their neutrality and sided with the British. Brodhead invaded their territory and destroyed the village of
Coshocton in what is now east-central
Ohio. As a result of Brodhead's campaign, the Delawares fled from eastern Ohio.
He retained command of the Western Department until
September 17,
1781, when he was replaced by General
John Gibson. He was removed from his command over allegations of mishandling supplies and money. Brodhead had made impressment (the forced sale of supplies) a policy and he'd spent money intended as bonuses to recruit new militiamen to purchase supplies for his troops. Brodhead was acquitted of all charges except misspending the recruiting money. George Washington has been aware of the impressment and had given his tacit approval. Furthermore, the
court martial thought him justified in spending the recruiting money on supplies, and he wasn't punished.
A short time later, George Washington
brevetted him a
brigadier general. Brodhead spent the remainder of the war as commander of the
1st Pennsylvania Regiment.
Later life
After the war, Brodhead, by then a widower, married Rebecca Mifflin, the widow of General
Samuel Mifflin. Brodhead was one of the founders of the
Society of the Cincinnati. He later served in the Pennsylvania General Assembly. On
November 13,
1789, he was appointed Surveyor General of Pennsylvania and held the post for the next eleven years.
He died at
Milford,
Pike County, Pennsylvania, and was buried in Milford.
Further Information
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